Welcome to Biomarkers in Imaging - Catalog of Biomarkers by Disease Category

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Disease Category	Disease/ Medical Condition	Biomarker	Imaging Technique	Investigators	Comments
Cardiology / Vascular	Acute myocardial infarction	Intravascular thrombus	MRI	Brady T
Cardiology / Vascular	Alveolar pulmonary edema	Pulmonary consolidation	CT MRI	McLoud TC Shepard J
Cardiology / Vascular	Aortic aneurysm	Vascular diameter, circumference	US CT MRI	Waltman A
Cardiology / Vascular	Aortic dissection	Anatomic disruption of arterial wall	US CT MRI Angiography	Gonzalez RG Waltman A
Cardiology / Vascular	Arterial embolism	Intravascular thrombus	CT MRI Angiography	Waltman A
Cardiology / Vascular	Deep venous thrombosis	Intravascular thrombus	US MRI Angiography	O’Neill MJ Waltman A
Cardiology / Vascular	Dissection, peripheral	Vascular diameter, lumen	CT MRI Angiography	Waltman A
Cardiology / Vascular	Iliac aneurysm	Vascular diameter, circumference	US CT MRI	Waltman A
Cardiology / Vascular	Interstitial pulmonary edema	Increased pulmonary interstitial markings	CT	McLoud TC Shepard J
Cardiology / Vascular	Ischemic Heart Disease	Myocardial blood flow via 13N-Ammonia	Nuclear medicine SPECT	Fischman AJ
Cardiology / Vascular	Pulmonary embolism	Embolism volume	MRI	Weissleder R	via monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION)
Cardiology / Vascular	Pulmonary embolism	Intravascular thrombus	CT	McLoud TC
Cardiology / Vascular	Pulmonary embolism	Ventilation/perfusion mismatch	Nuclear medicine	Fischman AJ
Cardiology / Vascular Neurological Metabolic	Arteriosclerosis, peripheral	Vascular diameter, lumen	CTA MRA Angiography	Gonzalez RG Hunter G Lev M Waltman A
Cardiology / Vascular Neurological Metabolic	Atherosclerosis, central	Arterial calcification	CT	Brady T
Cardiology / Vascular Metabolic	Coronary artery disease	Arterial calcification	CT	Brady T
Cardiology / Vascular Metabolic	Coronary artery disease	Myocardial blood flow via 13N-Ammonia	Nuclear Medicine SPECT	Fischman AJ
Cardiology / Vascular Metabolic	Coronary artery disease	Myocardial contractility/function	MRI Nuclear Medicine	Brady T Fischman AJ
Cardiology / Vascular Metabolic	Coronary artery disease	Myocardial ischemia/infarction	MRI Nuclear Medicine	Brady T Fischman AJ
Cardiology / Vascular Metabolic	Coronary artery disease	Myocardial perfusion	Nuclear medicine	Fischman AJ
Cardiology / Vascular Gastrointestinal	Portal vein thrombosis	Intravascular thrombus	US CT MRI Angiography	Hahn P Mueller P O’Neill MJ Waltman A
Cardiology / Vascular Inflammatory Infectious Disease Endocrine Metabolic	Myocarditis	Myocardial ischemia/infarction	MRI	Brady T
Cardiology / Vascular Inflammatory Infectious Disease Endocrine Metabolic	Myocarditis	Myocardial ischemia/infarction	Nuclear Medicine	Fischman AJ
Endocrine Infectious disease Metabolic Musculoskeletal	HIV lipodystrophy syndrome Diabetes (Type II) Obesity	Intramyocellular lipid levels	Proton MR spectroscopy	Torriani M
Endocrine Inflammatory Infectious Disease Cardiology / Vascular	Myopathy	Soft Tissue inflammation	MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Endocrine Inflammatory Gstrointestinal Metabolic	Choledocholithiasis	Biliary ductal dialation	US CT MRI	Hahn P Mueller P O'Neill MJ
Endocrine Inflammatory Gstrointestinal Metabolic	Cholelithiasis	Gallstones	US CT MRI	Hahn P Mueller P O'Neill MJ
Endocrine Metabolic Inflammatory	Allegric Drug reaction	Increased pulmonary interstitial markings	CT	McLoud TC Shepard J
Endocrine Metabolic Musculoskeletal Infectious Disease Gastrointestinal	AIDS wasting syndrome	Body Fat Composition	CT	Rosenthal DI
Endocrine Gasrtointestinal	Calculus Disease	MR Cholangio- pancreatography	MRI	Sahani D Prasad S
Endocrine Metabolic Musculoskeletal	Osteoporosis	Bone mineral density	Plain Radiographs DEXA CT	Rosenthal DI	Must establish bone strength as well as density
Endocrine Metabolic Musculoskeletal	Oteopenia	Bone mineral density	Plain Radiographs DEXA CT	Rosenthal DI	Must establish bone strength as well as density
Endocrine Metabolic Musculoskeletal Gastrointestinal	Obesity	Body Fat Composition
Endocrine Musculoskeletal Metabolic	Crystalline Disease	Periarticular erosion	Plain Radiographs MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Endocrine Inflammotory Infectious Disease Gastrointestinal	Cholecystitis	Gallstones, gallbladder wall thickening	US CT MRI	Hahn P Mueller P O'Neill MJ
Endocrine Metabolic Gastrointestinal	Pancreatic Function	Acinar cell receptor binding	MRI	Brady TJ Shen TT Weissleder R	Secretin MION
Gastrointestinal	Biliary obstruction	Biliary ductal dilatation	US CT MRI	Hahn P Mueller P
Gastrointestinal	Biliary stricture	Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography	MRI	Prasad S Sahani D Saini S
Gastrointestinal	Gastrointestinal Bleeding	Intraluminal hemorrhage	SPECT	Fischman AJ
Gastrointestinal	Hepatic cysts	Liver tissue characterization	MRI (using superparamagnetic iron oxide, mangafodipir trisodium, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide)	Hahn P Harisinghani M Mueller P Weissleder R
Gastrointestinal	Hepatobiliary disorders	Liver tissue characterization	MRI	Hahn P Harisinghani M Mueller P Weissleder R	using superparamagnetic iron oxide, mangafodipir trisodium, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide
Gastrointestinal Genitourinary Infectious Disease	Intra-abdominal abscess	Cyst composition/tissue characterization	US CT MRI	Mueller P	Must establish bone strength as well as density
Gastrointestinal Cardiology / Vascular	Splenic trauma	Splenic tissue characterization	MRI	Hahn P Harisinghani M Mueller P Weissleder R	using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide
Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Metabolic Infectious Disease	Pancreatitis	Chemotactic peptide uptake	SPECT	Fischman AJ	Via 99mTc labeled peptide analog
Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Metabolic Infectious Disease	Pancreatitis	Ductal irregularity or obstruction	MRI	Prasad S Sahani D Saini S	visualized by Cholaniopancreatography
Gastrointestinal Infectious Disease	Biliary parasitic disease	Biliary ductal dilatation	US CT MRI	Hahn P Mueller P O'Neill MJ
Gastrointestinal Infectious Disease Inflammatory	Cholangitis	Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography	MRI	Prasad S Sahani D Saini S
Infectious Disease	HIV	Directed molecular probes	MRI PET Optical	Weissleder R
Infectious Disease	Pneumonia	Pulmonary consolidation	CT MRI	Mcloud TC Shepard J
Infectious Disease	Pulmonary infection	Increased pulmonary interstitial markings	CT	Mcloud TC Shepard J
Infectious Disease Inflammatory	Pneumonitis	Pulmonary consolidation	CT MRI	Mcloud TC Shepard J
Infectious Disease Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Septic arthritis	Cyst composition/ tissue characterization	PET	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Infectious Disease Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Septic arthritis	Increased synovial glucose metabolism	MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Infectious Disease Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Septic arthritis	Synovial thickening	Plain radiographs MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Infectious Disease Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Soft tissue infection	Leukocyte accumulation	Nuclear medicine	Fischman AJ
Infectious Disease Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Soft tissue infection	Osteoblastic activity	Nuclear medicine	Fischman AJ
Infectious Disease Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Soft tissue infection	Soft tissue inflammation	MRI Nuclear Medicine	Fischman AJ Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Infectious Disease Musculoskeletal	Osteomyelitis	Leukocyte accumulation	Nuclear medicine	Fischman AJ
Inflammatory	Connective tissue disorders	Increased pulmonary interstitial markings	CT	McLoud TC Shepard J
Metabolic	Diabetes	Beta Cell Mass	Optical	Weissleder R
Musculoskeletal	Synovial chondromatosis	Periarticular erosion	Plain radiographs MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal	Synovial cyst	Cyst composition/ tissue characterization	US CT MRI	Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Osteoarthritis	Articular cartilage thickness	Plain radiographs MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Osteoarthritis	Osteoblastic activity	Nuclear medicine	Fischman AJ
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Trauma	Soft tissue inflammation	MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Trauma	Soft tissue inflammation	Nuclear medicine	Fischman AJ
Musculoskeletal Infectious Disease	Osteomyelitis	Leukocyte accumulation	Nuclear medicine	Fischman AJ
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Ganglion cyst	Cyst composition/ tissue characterization	US, CT, MRI	Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Inflammatory arthritis	Articular cartilage thickness	Plain radiographs MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Inflammatory arthritis	Increased synovial glucose metabolism	PET	Fischman AJ Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Inflammatory arthritis	Periarticular erosion	Plain radiographs MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Inflammatory arthritis	Synovial thickening	MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory	Rheumatoid arthritis	Articular cartilage thickness	Plain radiographs MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory Infectious Disease	Soft tissue infection	Soft tissue inflammation	MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Inflammatory Metabolic	Amyloid arthropathy	Periarticular erosion	Plain radiographs MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Metabolic	Fracture healing	Osseous bridging	Plain radiographs MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Musculoskeletal Metabolic	Fracture healing	Osteoblastic activity	Nuclear medicine	Fischman AJ.
Neurological	Anorexia	rCBF	PET	Alpert N Fischman AJ Rauch SL
Neurological	Asphyxia	Altered vascular and tissue permeability	CT	Gonzalez RG Grant E
Neurological	Asphyxia	Early diffusion changes	DWI	Grant E Schaefer P Sorensen AG
Neurological	Asphyxia	Lac :Cho ratio	MRS	Jenkins B
Neurological	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)	ACCD activation (anterior cingulate cortex division)	fMRI PET	Bush G Fischman AJ Rosen BR
Neurological	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)	Cortical thickness and assymetry	MRI (morphometry)	Kennedy D
Neurological	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)	Dopamine transporter density	SPECT	Fischman AJ Rauch SL
Neurological	Autism	Frontal language area	MRI	Caviness VS Harris G Kennedy D	Reversal of morphometric asymmetry in frontal language area
Neurological	Autism	Frontal language area	fMRI	Harris G	Abnormal fMRI activation of frontal languag areas during semantic language tasks
Neurological	Brain Development -Anencephaly -Microcephaly -Holoprosencephaly	Cortical thickness, volume, location	MRI morphometry fMRI	Caviness VS Dale A Fischl B Kennedy D
Neurological	Brain Function / Neuronal Content	NAA Images	MRI chemical shift EPI	Gonzalez RG Jenkins B Rosen BR
Neurological	Brain Function / Mapping Dopaminergic neurotransmitter activity	rCBF rCBV	Pharmacologic MRI PET fMRI	Bogdanov M Chen YC Jenkins B Rosen BR	using D-amphetamine and CFT
Neurological	Brain Injury	Restricted water mobility	DWI ADC	Huisman TA Gonzalez RG Schaefer P Sorensen AG	Cytotoxic edema , Vasogenic edema and diffuse axonal injury
Neurological	Brain Injury / Toxicity / Trauma	Focal atrophy	MRI	Caviness VS Kennedy D
Neurological	CNS AIDS fungal and opportunistic infections	focal brain uptake	PET SPECT	Fischman AJ	Ga, Tl, FDG
Neurological	CNS AIDS neuroinflammation neurodegeneration	NAA Cho MI	MRS	Gonzalez R Schaefer P Schwamm LH
Neurological	Dementia	Blood oxygen level depletion	fMRI	Rosen BR
Neurological	Dementia	CBF	MRI/ASL	Hoge R
Neurological	Epilepsy	Cortical dysplasia	MRI/ MEG fMRI	Dale A Grant E Mandeville J Rosen BR Stufflebeam SM Wald LL
Neurological	Epilepsy	Hyperperfusion, CBF	MRI/ASL	Hoge R Kwong K
Neurological	Epilepsy	NAA lateralization	MRS	Jenkins BG
Neurological	Epilepsy	Seizure focus	MEG/EEG	Halgren E Stufflebeam SM
Neurological	Huntinton's Disease	Cortical thickness	fMRI MRI morphometry	Dale A Fischl B Harris G Kennedy D Rosas D
Neurological	Huntinton's Disease	Basal Ganglia/ Putamen volume	MRI	Harris G
Neurological	Huntinton's Disease	Directed molecular probes	MRI PET Optical	Fischman AJ Weissleder R
Neurological	Huntinton's Disease	NAA, choline:creatine ratio, Lac,	MRS	Jenkins BG Rosen BR
Neurological	Migraine	CBF	Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging DOT	Boas B Bolay Dunn A
Neurological	Migraine	CBF, CBV, MTT	DWI/PWI fMRI	Grant E Schaefer P Sorensen AG Rosen BR
Neurological	Migraine	Cortical spreading depression (CSD)	BOLD fMRI	Hadjikhani N Rosen BR Sorensen AG	Signal changes measured during visual aura
Neurological	Migraine	Restricted diffusion	Optical	Boas D Dunn A
Neurological	Neurodegenerative disorders	Apparent diffusion constant (ADC) Blood oxygen level depletion	fMRI MRI/ DWI	Jenkins BG Kennedy D Rosas HD Rosen BR
Neurological	Obsessive Compulsive Disorder	Cortical activation during provoked conditions	fMRI PET SPECT	Fischman AJ Rauch SL Rosen BR
Neurological	Obsessive Compulsive Disorder	Cortical thickness	MRI(morphometry)	Kennedy D
Neurological	Obsessive Compulsive Disorder	Whole brain morphometery	MRI(morphometry)	Kennedy D Rosen BR	Findings include sig. Less total white-matter and greater cortex and opercular volumes
Neurological	Parkinson’s disease	Dopamine binding potential Dopamine transporter (DAT) density	SPECT (using I-123 altropane)	Fischman AJ Halpern E Sahani D
Neurological	Parkinson's Disease	Cerebral blood volume (CBV), Cerebral blood flow (CBF)	MRI/ASL	Hoge R
Neurological	Parkinson's Disease	Directed molecular probes	PET Optical	Weissleder R
Neurological	Parkinson's Disease	Dopaminergic neurotransmitter activity	fMRI PET	Fishman A Livni E Rosen BR	Pet using 11C-CRT
Neurological	Parkinson's Disease	NAA levels over time	MRS	Gonzales RG Jenkins BG
Neurological	Schizophrenia	CBF Neural activation of dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum	PET	Alpert N Fischman AJ Heckers S Rauch SL Schaefer P	Regional activation during cognitive paradigms
Neurological	Schizophrenia	Cortical thickness	MRI(morphometry)	Fischl B Harris G Kennedy D Kuperberg G
Neurological	Schizophrenia	Specific Regional Uptake, Target selection, Functional activation	fMRI	Kuperberg G Manoach D Stufflebeam SM Rosen BR	Regional activation during cognitive paradigms
Neurological	Transgenic expression	Receptor binding Engineered transferrin receptors (ETR)	MRI	Basilion JP Hogermann D Weissleder R	Probe with superparamagnetic Tf-CLIO
Neurological	Visual process disorders	Neuronal activation	fMRI	Mandeville JB Rosen BR Tootell RBH
Neurological	Hepatic encephalopathy	Glu MI NAA Lac	MRS	Grant E Jenkins BG Schaefer P
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	CNS Neoplasm primary and secondary, presence and viability	Oxygen consumption CBF	Optical	Boas D Dunn A
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	CNS Neoplasm primary and secondary, presence and viability	Targeted cellular and molecular probes	Optical MRI PET	Kwong KK Weissleder R	Exogenous contrast agents Animal models
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	CNS neoplasm, primary and secondary	Lesion Volume	CT MRI morphometry	Gonzalez R Harris G Kennedy D Lev Schaefer P Sorensen AG	Anatomic marker of disease presence, Response to therapy
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	CNS neoplasm, primary and secondary	Microvascular blood volume and microvascular density	fMRI MRI	Belliveau Kennedy D Rosen BR
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	CNS neoplasm, primary and secondary	NAA Cho Lac PCr	MRS	Gonzalez R Husiman TA Sorensen AG	Metabolism, Tumor viability, Response to therapy
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	CNS neoplasm, primary and secondary	Tumor angiogenesis	MRI MRS MRA	Davis T Rosen BR Wald LL Weissleder R	measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION)
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	CNS neoplasm, primary and secondary	Tumor growth rate	MRI	Bogdanov A Marecos E Moore A Weissleder R	Serial studies of tumor voulme using uptake of long-circulatin dextran coated iron oxide (LCDIO)
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	CNS Neoplasm, Schwannoma / Neurofibromatosis	Tumor growth rate	MRI	Tang Y Weissleder R	Transgenic murine models of neurofibromatosis
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	Glioma	Tumor angiogenesis	MRI MRS MRA	Davis T Rosen BR Wald LL Weissleder R	measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and monocrystalline iron oxide nan oparticles (MION)
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Stroke	Apparent diffusion constant (ADC) Relative cerebral blood flow index (rCBF)	DWI fMRI MRI (morphometry)	Kennedy D Lo E Rosen BR
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Stroke	CBF CBV MTT Flow heterogeneity (FH)	MRI (combined ASL and DSC) CAPTIVE	Harris G Hoge R Ostergaard L Rosen BR Sorensen AG Wald LL	MTT helps to stratify patients in clinical trials MR Perfusion Territory Imaging
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Stroke	Intravascular thrombus	CT/CTA MRI/MRA Angiography	Caviness VS Gonzalez RG Schaefer P Sorensen AG
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Stroke	Neuronal activation CMRO2	ASL MRI O2 15 PET Xenon Enhanced CT	Wald LL
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Stroke	Neuronal activation CMRO2	fMRI DOT (NIRS)	Boas D Mandeville JB Strangman G	NIRS agress well with fMRI, useful in longitudinal studies
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Stroke	Oxygen comsumption CBF	Optical Imaging	Boas D Dunn A Lo E
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Stroke, ischemic	CBF rCBV water EF	CAPTIVE MRI	Bogdanov A Jenkins B Kwong K Weissleder R
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Stroke, ischemic	Vascular occlusion, ischemic brain tissue	DWI/PWI MRI CT perfusion CTA	Gonzalez R Harris G Sorensen AG Wu O
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Stroke, Recovery	Cortical activation during sensorimotor tasks	fMRI	Schaechter J Rosen BR
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Vulnerable plaque	Subendothelial lipid pool	Optical coherence tomography Near infrared spectroscopy	Brady T Muller J Weissleder R
Neurological Infectious Disease	Infectious Disease -Cerebral malaria	Diffuse cerebral adema with thalamic +/- cerebellar hypoattenuation	CT	Gonzalez RG
Neurological Infectious Disease	Infectious Disease -Empyema -Herpes virus -CJD	Restricted diffusion	DWI	Grant, E Schaefer, P
Neurological Inflammatory Musculoskeletal Genitourinary Infectious Disease Gastrointestinal	Abscess	Leukocyte accumulation	SPECT	Fischman AJ	Tc-99m HMPAO improvement over Tl-201 and Ga-67
Neurological Metabolic	Alzheimer Disease	CBF	PWI/ASL	Hoge R
Neurological Metabolic	Alzheimer Disease	CBF / CBV MTT	SPECT fMRI	Harris G Gonzalez RG Sorensen AG
Neurological Metabolic	Alzheimer Disease	Directed molecular probes	PET SPECT Optical	Fischman AJ Weissleder R	Animal modeling Optical with exogenous contrast agents
Neurological Metabolic	Alzheimer Disease	Entorhinal cortex Anterior cingulate size and thickness	MRI	Hyman B	Can distinguish normal from mild AD with 93% accuracy
Neurological Metabolic	Alzheimer Disease	Hippocampal size	MRI Quantitative volumetric morphometry	Dale A Hyman B Fischl B Kennedy D
Neurological Metabolic	Alzheimer Disease	Myoinositol NAA	MRS	Gonzalez RG Jenkins B
Neurological Metabolic	Alzheimer Disease	Neuritic (senile) plaque	in vivo multiphoton microscopy	Hyman B	Can use histochemical or immuno-fluorescence for amyloid B
Neurological Metabolic	Alzheimer Disease	Neuronal injury	MRI	Gonzalez RG
Neurological Metabolic	Alzheimer Disease	Oxygen utilization CBF	Optical	Boas D Dunn A	Combining of multi-wavelength and laser speckle contrast imaging
Neurological Metabolic	Brain Development	Oxygen consumption CBF	Optical Imaging	Boas D Dunn A
Neurological Metabolic	Brain Function	CBF	MRI fMRI PET	Belliveau Kwong K Rosen BR	Response to stimuli
Neurological Metabolic	Brain Function / Drugs of Abuse	rCMRO2 CBV	fMRI	Jenkins B Kosofsky B Mandeville JB Rosen BR	Response to stimuli
Neurological Metabolic Cardiology/ Vascular	Arteriosclerosis, central	Vascular lumen diameter	CTA MRA Angiography	Gonzalez RG Hunter G Lev M Waltman A
Neurological Musculoskeletal	Dyskinesia (PNKD)	Dopa decarboxylase activity	PET	Fischman AJ
Neurological Oncology /Neoplasm	CNS neoplasm, primary and secondary, presence and viability	Glucose Metabolism	PET	Alpert N Choi N Fischman AJ Kennedy D Rosen BR	Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Hypertension	Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV)	DSC MRI	Hunter G Rosen BR	Usind Gd-DTPA following L-arginine infusion
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Intracranial arterial dissection	Anatomic disruption of arterial wall	CTA MRA Angiography	Gonzalez R Lev M Waltman A
Neurological Inflammatory	Multiple Sclerosis	Comparitive brainstem analysis MS plaque demylination	MRI	Jenkins B Rosen BR Stufflebeam SM
Neurological Inflammatory	Multiple Sclerosis	Tissue characterization, Cortical thickness	fMRI MRI morphometry	Fischl B Kuperberg G
Neurological Musculoskeletal	Pain	Cortical activity	fMRI PET SPECT MEG	Fischman AJ Halgren E Rosen BR Sorensen AG Stuffelbeam SM
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	Glioma	Blood-tumor barrier permeability (BTP)	MRI fMRI	Gonzalez RG Kwong KK Sorensen AG Weissleder R
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	Glioma	Cerebral blood volume (CBV), Cerebral blood flow (CBF)	MRI fMRI	Rosen BR
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	Glioma	Glucose Uptake	PET	Fischman AJ Kennedy D Rosen BR
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	Glioma	Tumor margin	MRI	Weissleder R	via ultra small particulate iron oxide (USPIO)
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	Glioma	Vascular volume fraction	Optical NMR	Bogdanov A Kwong KK Weissleder R	Rodent Model
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	Head and neck carcinoma presence, primary and secondary	Lesion Volume	CT MRI	Gonzalez RG Lev MH Schaefer P Schwamm Sorensen AG	Anatomic marker of disease presence
Neurological Oncology/ Neoplasm	Head and neck neoplasm,primary and secondary, presence and viability	Glucose Metabolism	PET	Alpert N Choi N Fischman AJ	Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular	Carotid dissection	Anatomic disruption of arterial wall	US CT/CTA MRI/MRA Angiography	Gonzalez R Waltman A
Neurological Inflammatory Musculoskeletal Infectious Disease Genitourinary	Abscess	Restricted diffusion	DWI	Grant E Gonzalez RG Schaefer P
Oncology / Neoplasm Musculoskeletal	Pigmented villonodular synovitis	Increased synovial glucose metabolism	PET	Fischman AJ Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Oncology / Neoplasm Musculoskeletal	Pigmented villonodular synovitis	Periarticular erosion	Plain radiographs MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Oncology / Neoplasm Musculoskeletal	Pigmented villonodular synovitis	Synovial thickening	MRI	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Oncology /Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Tumor angiogenesis -macromolecular contrast extravasate	MRI SPECT	Bogdanov A Weissleder R	Animal Model using pegylated DOTA derivatized graft copolymers
Oncology /Neoplasm	Breast Neoplasm	Microcalcifications	Raman Spectroscopy	Feld MS (MIT)	Differntial diagnosis of benign from malignant microcalifications
Oncology /Neoplasm	Breast Neoplasm	Presence of contralaterial synchronous cancers	MRI	Kopans DB	4 of 17 patients (24%) had contralateral cancer occult to physical exam, mammography and US
Oncology /Neoplasm	Breast Neoplasm	Tumor associated enzymatic activity	Optical NIRF	Bremer C Bogdanov A Weissleder R	Expression levels of cathepsin-B activity in animal models of breast cancer
Oncology /Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Splenic Cysts	Splenic tissue characterization	MRI		using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide
Oncology /Neoplasm Genitourinary Gastrointestinal	Renal Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Cyst composition/tissue characterization	US CT MRI	Mueller PR
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Hodgkins Disease	NAA	MRS	Jenkins B Kennedy D Rosas D Rosen BR
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Lung Neooplasm, non small cell carcinoma	Glucose Metabolism	PET	Choi NC Fischman AJ Weissleder R	Pilot trial in NSCLC showed good inverse correlation between MR glc post radiation and outcomes
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Lung neoplasm, primary and secondary	Lesion Volume	CT MRI	Hunter GJ	Anatomic marker of disease presence
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Lung Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Mediastinal nodal status	PET MRI CT	Fischman AJ McLoud TC Weissleder R	Physiologic imaging with FDG or iron oxide particles in NSCLC
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Lymphangio- carcinomatosis	Increased pulmonary interstitial markings	CT	McLoud TC Mueller PR Shepard J Weissleder R
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Directed molecular probes	MRI PET Optical	Fischman AJ Hunter GJ Weissleder R
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Enzymatic activity	Optical	Weissleder R	Rodent Model
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Human transferrin receptor	MRI	Weissleder R	Receptor binding probe linking transferrin and noncrystalline iron oxide (Tf-MION)
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Pharmacokinetics Biodistribution Non-tumor uptake	SPECT PET MRS	Fischman AJ Jenkins B	Additional use for determining in vivo heterogeneity of tumor uptake
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Soft tissue inflammation	Nuclear medicine MRI	Fischman AJ Palmer WE Rosenthal DI
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Tumor angiogenesis	MRI DSC/MION	Bogdanov A Bremer C Rosen BR Weissleder R	High resolution MR using long circulating iron oxide contrast agents Rodent Model
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Tumor growth rate	MRI SPECT Dual tracer NMR	Bogdanov A Kwong K Weissleder R	SPECT via uptake of long-circulatin dextran coated iron oxide (LCDIO) Rodent Model
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Tumor mass	Optical	Weissleder R
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Sarcoma	Vascular volume fraction	Optical	Weissleder R
Oncology/ Neoplasm	Breast Neoplasm / Metastatic disease of lymph nodes	Lac Cr/LYS Glutamine/ Glutamine	MRS/ MAS	Ackerman JL Brady TJ Cheng LL
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Panceratic Carcinoma	Vascular involvement, Portal Venous invasion	MRA	Halpern EF Saini S Waltman AC	Better predictor than conventional angiography
Oncology/ Neoplasm Endocrine	Thyroid Carcinoma/ Papillary	Cystic Nodal metastases	US	Hahn PF Harisinghani M Mueller PR O'Neill MJ	Cysts with thickened outer wall, internal nodules and internal septations
Oncology/ Neoplasm Genitourinary	Adenopathy, lymphoma and metastatic disease	Lesion Volume	US, CT, MRI	Harisinghani M Mueller PR O’Neill MJ Saini S
Oncology/ Neoplasm Genitourinary	Adrenal Neoplasm	Relative % contrast washout	CT	Boland GW Hahn PF Mueller PR	Differntial diagnosis of adrenal masses
Oncology/ Neoplasm Genitourinary	Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy	Prostate volume	US, CT, MRI	Hahn PF Mueller PR O’Neill MJ
Oncology/ Neoplasm Musculoskeletal	Soft tissue neoplasm, primary and secondary, presence and viability	Glucose Metabolism	PET	Fischman AJ	Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
Oncology/ Neoplasm Musculoskeletal	Synovial Cell Sarcoma	Cyst composition/tissue characterization	US, CT, MRI	Rosenthal DI
Oncology/ Neoplasm Musculoskeletal	Synovial Chondromatosis	Periarticular erosion	Plain radiographs	Palmer W Rosenthal DI
Oncology/ Neoplasm Cardiology/ Vascular	Avelolar bronchial cell carcinoma	Pulmonary consolidation	CT, MRI	McLoud TC Shepard J
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Hepatic Hemangioma	Liver tissue characterization	MRI	Hahn PF Harisinghani M Mueller PF Saini S Weissleder R	Using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide OR Gd-based chelates
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Hepatic Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Lesion Volume	US, CT, MRI	Harris G Mueller PR O’Neill MJ Saini S	Anatomic marker of disease presence <100
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Hepatic Neoplasm, primary and secondary, presence and viability	Glucose Metabolism	PET	Fischman AJ	Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Hepatic Neoplasm, primary and secondary, presence and viability	Lesion Detection	MRI	Hahn PF Harisinghani M Saini S Weissleder R	Increased SNR and CNR with liver specific contrast agent GD-BOPTA and Mangafodipir
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Hepatic Neoplasm, primary and secondary, presence and viability	Vascular architecture	MDCTA	Hahn PF Mueller PR Saini S Sahani D	Presurgical treatment planning
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Liver tissue characterization	MRI	Hahn PF Harisinghani M Mueller PR Weissleder R	Using superparamagnetic iron oxide, mangafodipir trisodium OR ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Liver tissue characterization	MRI	Hahn PF Halpern EF Harisinghani M Sahani D	using combined ferrumoxide/Gd-DPTA
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Splenic Neoplasms	Splenic tissue characterization	MRI	Hahn PF Harisinghani M Mueller PR Weissleder R	using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide
Oncology/ Neoplasm Genitourinary Gastrointestinal	Renal Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Glucose Metabolism	PET	Fischman AJ
Oncology/ Neoplasm Genitourinary Gastrointestinal	Renal Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Lesion Volume	US, CT, MRI	Mueller PR O’Neill MJ Saini S	Anatomic marker of disease presence
Oncology/ Neoplasm Genitourinary Gastrointestinal Musculoskeletal	Simple renal cysts	Cyst composition /tissue characterization Soft tissue inflammation	US, CT, MRI	Mueller PR
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal Endocrine	Hepatic Focal Nodular Hyperplasia	Liver tissue characterization	MRI	Hahn PF Halpern EF Sahani D	using combined ferrumoxide/Gd-DPTA <25
Oncology/ Neoplasm Gastrointestinal Endocrine	Hepatic Focal Nodular Hyperplasia	Liver tissue characterization	MRI	Hahn PF Harisinghani M Mueller PR Weissleder R	Using superparamagnetic iron oxide, mangafodipir trisodium, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide
Oncology/Neoplasm	Breast Neoplasm	Glucose Metabolism	PET	Alpert NM Choi NC Fischman AJ
Oncology/Neoplasm	Breast Neoplasm	Microvascular blood volume and microvascular density Angiogenesis	US	O'Neill MJ	Microbubble contrast agents <100
Oncology/Neoplasm	Breast Neoplasm	Regional blood flow and blood volume MVD	MRI	Kopans DB	Magnetic susceptibility-based contrast agent OR GD-DTPA with dynamic echo planar imaging
Oncology/Neoplasm	Breast Neoplasm	Tumor volume	MRI	Harris G
Oncology/Neoplasm	Fibrocystic Change	Cyst composition/tissue characterization	US, CT, MRI	Kopans DB
Oncology/Neoplasm	Neoplasm / Disease progression	Cathepsin D	Optical	Ntziachristos V Weissleder R	Active, stable Fluorochromes
Oncology/Neoplasm	Neoplasm growth and metastasis formation	Fluorescent protiens / exogenous	FRI FMT	Ntziachristos V Weissleder R	GFP's Ds Red Hc Red
Oncology/Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Anti-tumor antibody	Optical	Ntziachristos V Weissleder R	Targeted Fluorochromes
Oncology/Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Apoptosis Caspase-1 Caspase-3	Optical	Ntziachristos V Weissleder R	Active, stable Fluorochromes
Oncology/Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Apoptosis Phosphatidylserine	Optical	Ntziachristos V Weissleder R	Active, stable Fluorochromes
Oncology/Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Folate receptor	Optical	Ntziachristos V Weissleder R	Targeted Fluorochromes
Oncology/Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Glucose transporter	Optical	Ntziachristos V Weissleder R	Targeted Fluorochromes
Oncology/Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	MMP-2 MMP-9 MMP-13	Optical	Ntziachristos V Weissleder R	Active, stable Fluorochromes
Oncology/Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Somatostatin receptor	Optical	Ntziachristos V Weissleder R	Targeted Fluorochromes
Oncology/Neoplasm	Neoplasm, primary and secondary	Tumoral proteinase	Optical NIRF	Bogdanov A Mahmood U Weissleder R	Rodent Model
Oncology/Neoplasm	Osseous neoplasm presence, primary and secondary	Osteoblastic activity	Nuclear medicine	Fischman AJ
Oncology/Neoplasm	Osseous neoplasm presence, primary and secondary	Tissue characterization	CT MRI	Rosenthal DI
Oncology/Neoplasm	Osseous neoplasm,primary and secondary, presence and viability	Glucose Metabolism	PET	Fischman AJ
Oncology/Neoplasm	Prostate Cancer	PSA	Optical	Ntziachristos V Weissleder R	Active, stable Fluorochromes
Oncology/Neoplasm	Pulmonary Neoplasm	Permeability surface area product	PET MRI	Fischman AJ McLoud TC
Oncology/Neoplasm	Pulmonary Neoplasm presence and viability	Glucose Metabolism	PET	Fischman AJ	Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
Oncology/Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Cholangio-carcinoma	Liver tissue characterization	MRI	Hahn PF Halpern EF Sahani D	using combined ferrumoxide/Gd-DPTA
Oncology/Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Colon Carcinoma	Monoclonal antibody binding	SPECT	Fischman AJ
Oncology/Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Colorectal Carcinoma	99mTc labeled monoclonal antibody	SPECT	Fischman AJ	Phase III Clinical Trial with HumaSPECT-Tc
Oncology/Neoplasm Genitourinary	Ovarian Neoplasm presence and viability	Glucose Metabolism	PET	Fischman AJ	Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
Oncology/Neoplasm Genitourinary	Ovarian Neoplasm presence and viability	ROC curve analysis of 13 CT radiograhic parameters	CT	O'Neill MJ	Predictive model of relative success of surgical cytoreduction
Oncology/Neoplasm Genitourinary	Prostate Cancer	Prostate volume	US, CT, MRI	Hahn PF Mueller PR O'Neill MJ
Oncology/Neoplasm Genitourinary	Prostate Cancer	Spermine levels	MRS magic angle spinning	Cheng LL Gonzalez RG	Proposed endogenous inhibitor of prostate CA growth
Oncology/Neoplasm Inflammatory Disease	Lymphatic extension of pelvic malignancy (gynecological oncology)	Abnormal lymphatic uptake of tracer	MRI	Hahn PF Harisinghani M Mueller PR Saini S Weissleder R	MR Lymphangiography using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (ferumoxtran-10)
Oncology/Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Pancreatic Adrenal Carcinoma	Degree of circumferential vessel involvement	MDCT/ CTA	Boland GW Mueller PR Saini S	<25
Oncology/Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Pancreatic Carcinoma	18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose	PET	Fischman AJ
Oncology/Neoplasm Gastrointestinal	Pancreatic Mass	contrast enhanced tissue characterization	MRI Cholangio -pancreatography	Prasad S Sahani D Saini S
	Emphysema	Lung alteration	CT	McLoud T Shepard J

*Given the breadth of biomarkers in imaging and the rapid progress being made in this area, this catalog necessarily represents a work in progress. While the Center has done its best to incorporate imaging biomarkers from beyond the MGH community, our limited resources mean that the foundation of this catalog is the imaging biomarkers available at MGH. Should you wish to bring additional imaging biomarkers to our attention, please click here.