| Disease / Medical condition |
Biomarker |
Imaging Technique |
Investigators |
Comments |
Disease Category |
Abscess |
Leukocyte accumulation |
SPECT |
Fischman A |
Tc-99m HMPAO improvement over Tl-201 and Ga-67 |
Neurological
Inflammatory
Musculoskeletal
Genitourinary
Infectious disease
Gastrointestinal
|
| Abscess |
Restricted diffusion |
Diffusion weighted imaging |
Grant E
Gonzalez RG
Schaefer P
|
|
Neurological
Inflammatory
Infectious disease
|
| Alzheimer's disease |
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
Perfusion weighted imaging / arterial spin labeling
|
Hoge R |
|
Neurological
Metabolic
|
| Alzheimer's disease |
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) Cerebral blood volume (CBV) Mean transit time (MTT)
|
SPECT fMRI |
Harris G
Gonzalez RG
Sorensen AG
|
|
Neurological
Metabolic
|
| Alzheimer's disease |
Directed molecular probes |
PET SPECT Optical |
Fischman A
Weissleder R
|
Animal modeling Optical with exogenous contrast agents
|
Neurological Metabolic |
| Alzheimer's disease |
Entorhinal cortex Anterior cingulate size and thickness |
MRI |
Hyman B |
Can distinguish normal from mild AD with 93% accuracy
|
Neurological Metabolic |
| Alzheimer's disease |
Hippocampal size |
MRI quantitative volumetric morphometry |
Dale A
Hyman B
Fischl B
Kennedy D
|
Accurately indicates absence of disease progression in therapeutic trials - allows markedly reduced subject numbers
|
Neurological Metabolic |
| Alzheimer's disease |
Myoinositol N-acetylaspartate (NAA) |
MRS |
Gonzalez RG
Jenkins B
|
|
Neurological Metabolic |
| Alzheimer's disease |
Neuritic (senile) plaque |
In vivo multiphoton microscopy |
Hyman B |
Can use histochemical or immuno-fluorescence for amyloid B
|
Neurological Metabolic |
| Alzheimer's disease |
Neuronal injury |
MRI |
Gonzalez RG |
|
Neurological Metabolic
|
| Alzheimer's disease |
Oxygen utilization Cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
Optical |
Boas D
Dunn A |
Combining of multi-wavelength and laser speckle contrast imaging
|
Neurological Metabolic |
| Anorexia |
Relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
|
PET |
Alpert N
Fischman A
Rauch SL
|
|
Neurological |
| Asphyxia |
Altered vascular and tissue permeability
|
CT |
Gonzalez RG Grant E |
|
Neurological |
| Asphyxia |
Early diffusion changes |
Diffusion weighted imaging
|
Grant E
Schaefer P
Sorensen AG
|
|
Neurological |
| Asphyxia |
Lactate : choline ratio
|
MRS |
Jenkins B |
|
Neurological |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
|
ACCD activation (anterior cingulate cortex division) |
fMRI
PET |
Bush G
Fischman A
Rosen B
|
|
Neurological |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
|
Cortical thickness and asymmetry |
MRI (morphometry) |
Kennedy D |
|
Neurological |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
|
Dopamine transporter density |
SPECT |
Fischman A
Rauch SL |
|
Neurological |
| Autism |
Frontal language area |
MRI |
Caviness VS
Harris G
Kennedy D
|
Reversal of morphometric asymmetry in frontal language area
|
Neurological |
| Autism |
Frontal language area |
fMRI |
Harris G |
Abnormal fMRI activation of frontal language areas during semantic language tasks
|
Neurological |
| Brain development |
Oxygen consumption Cerebral blood flow (CBF)
|
Optical Imaging |
Boas D
Dunn A |
Diffuse optical imaging (DOI)
|
Neurological Metabolic |
Brain development / -anencephaly -microcephaly -holoprosencephaly
|
Cortical thickness, volume and location |
MRI
morphometry
fMRI |
Caviness VS
Dale A
Fischl B
Kennedy D
|
|
Neurological |
| Brain function |
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
MRI
fMRI
PET
|
Belliveau
Kwong K
Rosen BR
|
Response to stimuli |
Neurological Metabolic |
| Brain function / neuronal content |
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) Images |
MRI chemical shift Echo-planar imaging (EPI)
|
Gonzalez RG
Jenkins B
Rosen B
|
|
Neurological Metabolic |
| Brain function / drugs of abuse |
rCMRO2 Cerebral blood volume (CBV) |
fMRI |
Jenkins B
Kosofsky B
Mandeville JB
Rosen B
|
Response to stimuli |
Neurological Metabolic |
| Brain function / mapping dopaminergic neurotransmitter activity |
Relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV)
|
Pharmacologic MRI PET fMRI |
Bogdanov M
Chen YC
Jenkins B
Rosen B
|
Using D-amphetamine and CFT |
Neurological Metabolic |
| Brain injury |
Restricted water mobility |
Diffusion weighted imaging Apparent diffusion constant |
Huisman TA
Gonzalez RG
Schaefer P
Sorensen AG
|
Cytotoxic edema, vasogenic edema and diffuse axonal injury
|
Neurological |
Brain injury / toxicity and trauma
|
Focal atrophy |
MRI |
Caviness VS
Kennedy D
|
|
Neurological |
| Carotid dissection |
Anatomic disruption of arterial wall |
US CT / CTA MRI / MRA Angiography |
Gonzalez R
Waltman A
|
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Cerebral malaria |
Diffuse cerebral edema with thalamic +/- cerebellar hypoattenuation
|
CT |
Gonzalez RG |
|
Neurological Infectious disease |
CNS AIDS / fungal and opportunistic infections
|
Focal brain uptake |
PET
SPECT |
Fischman A |
|
Neurological |
CNS AIDS / neuroinflammation neurodegeneration
|
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) Choline Myoinositol (MI) |
MRS |
Gonzalez R
Schaefer P
Schwamm LH
|
|
Neurological |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Microvascular blood volume and microvascular density
|
fMRI
MRI |
Belliveau
Kennedy D
Rosen BR
|
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary |
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) Choline Lactate Phosphocreatine
|
MRS |
Gonzalez R
Husiman T
Sorensen AG
|
Metabolism, tumor viability and response to therapy
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Tumor angiogenesis |
MRI
MRS
MRA |
Davis T
Rosen B
Wald LL Weissleder R
|
Measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION) |
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Tumor growth rate |
MRI |
Bogdanov A
Marecos E
Moore A
Weissleder R
|
Serial studies of tumor volume using uptake of long-circulating dextrin coated iron oxide (LCDIO)
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary, presence and viability |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Alpert N
Choi N
Fischman A
Kennedy D
Rosen B
|
Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications |
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Lesion volume |
CT
MRI
morphometry |
Gonzalez R
Harris G
Kennedy D
Lev
Schaefer P
Sorensen AG
|
Anatomic marker of disease presence Response to therapy |
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary, presence and viability
|
Oxygen consumption Cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
Optical |
Boas D
Dunn A
|
Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) |
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm
|
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary, presence and viability |
Targeted cellular and molecular probes |
Optical MRI PET |
Kwong KK
Weissleder R
|
Exogenous contrast agents Animal models
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
CNS Neoplasm / schwannoma and neurofibromatosis
|
Tumor growth rate |
MRI |
Tang Y
Weissleder R
|
Transgenic murine models of neurofibromatosis
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Dementia |
Blood oxygen level depletion (BOLD)
|
fMRI |
Rosen B |
|
Neurological |
| Dementia |
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
MRI / arterial spin labeling |
Hoge R |
|
Neurological |
| Dyskinesia (PNKD) |
Dopa decarboxylase activity |
PET |
Fischman A |
|
Neurological Musculoskeletal |
| Encephalitis / west nile virus |
Thalamus and substantia nigra hyperintensities |
MRI |
Gonzalez RG
Sorensen AG
|
Disease confirmation and progression monitoring
|
Neurological Infectious disease Inflammatory |
| Epilepsy |
Cortical dysplasia |
MRI / MEG fMRI |
Dale A
Grant E
Mandeville J
Rosen B
Stufflebeam SM
Wald LL
|
|
Neurological |
| Epilepsy |
Hyperperfusion Cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
MRI / arterial spin labeling |
Hoge R
Kwong KK
|
|
Neurological |
| Epilepsy |
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) lateralization
|
MRS |
Jenkins BG |
|
Neurological |
| Epilepsy |
Seizure focus |
MEG / EEG |
Halgren E
Stufflebeam SM
|
|
Neurological |
| Glioma |
Blood-tumor barrier permeability (BTP) |
MRI
fMRI |
Gonzalez RG
Kwong KK
Sorensen AG
Weissleder R
|
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Cerebral blood volume (CBV) Cerebral blood flow (CBF)
|
MRI
fMRI |
Rosen B |
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Glucose uptake |
PET |
Fischman A
Kennedy D
Rosen B
|
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Tumor angiogenesis |
MRI MRS MRA |
Davis T
Rosen B
Wald LL
Weissleder R
|
measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION)
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Tumor margin |
MRI |
Weissleder |
via ultra small particulate iron oxide (USPIO)
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Vascular volume fraction |
Optical |
Weissleder |
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Head and neck neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Lesion volume |
CT MRI |
Gonzalez R
Lev MH
Schaefer P
Schwamm
Sorensen AG
|
Anatomic marker of disease presence |
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Head and neck neoplasm / primary and secondary, presence and viability |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Alpert N
Choi N
Fischman A |
Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Hepatic encephalopathy |
Glucose N-acetylaspartate (NAA) Choline Myoinositol (MI) Lactate
|
MRS |
Grant E
Jenkins BG
Schaefer P
|
|
Neurological |
| Huntington's disease |
Basal ganglia / putamen volume
|
MRI |
Harris G |
|
Neurological |
| Huntington's disease |
Cortical thickness |
fMRI
MRI
morphometry |
Dale A
Fischl B
Harris G
Kennedy D
Rosas D
|
|
Neurological |
| Huntington's disease |
Directed molecular probes |
MRI
PET
Optical
|
Fischman A
Weissleder R
|
|
Neurological |
| Huntington's disease |
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) Choline : creatine ratio Lactate |
MRS |
Jenkins BG
Rosen B |
|
Neurological |
| Hypertension |
Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) |
Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI |
Hunter G
Rosen B
|
Using Gd-DTPA following L-arginine infusion
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
Infectious disease / -empyema -herpes virus -CJD
|
Restricted diffusion |
Diffusion weighted imaging |
Grant E
Schaefer P |
|
Neurological Infectious disease |
| Infectious disease / cerebral malaria |
Diffuse cerebral edema with thalamic +/- cerebellar hypoattenuation
|
CT |
Gonzalez RG |
|
Neurological Infectious disease |
| Intracranial arterial dissection |
Anatomic disruption of arterial wall |
CTA MRA Angiography |
Gonzalez R
Lev MH
Waltman A
|
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Migraine |
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
Laser speckle contrast imaging Diffuse optical topography
|
Boas D
Bolay
Dunn A
|
|
Neurological |
| Migraine |
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) Cerebral blood volume (CBV) Mean Transit time (MTT)
|
Diffusion / perfusion weighted imaging fMRI |
Grant E
Schaefer P
Sorensen AG
Rosen BR
|
|
Neurological |
| Migraine |
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) |
Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI |
Hadjikhani N
Rosen BR
Sorensen AG
|
Signal changes measured during visual aura |
Neurological |
| Migraine |
Restricted diffusion |
Optical |
Boas D
Dunn A
|
|
Neurological |
| Multiple sclerosis |
Choline / sodium (NA) ratio Creatine / sodium (NA) ratio
|
MRS |
Jenkins B
Gonzalez RG
|
|
Neurological Inflammatory |
| Multiple sclerosis |
Comparative brainstem analysis MS plaque demylination |
MRI |
Jenkins B
Rosen B
Stufflebeam SM
|
|
Neurological Inflammatory |
| Multiple sclerosis |
Decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA) |
MRS |
Jenkins B
Gonzalez RG
|
|
Neurological Inflammatory |
| Multiple sclerosis |
Thalamic neuronal loss |
MRI
fMRI
MRS |
Gonzalez RG
Fischl B
Kuperberg G
|
|
Neurological Inflammatory |
| Multiple sclerosis |
Tissue characterization Cortical thickness |
fMRI
MRI
morphometry
|
Fischl B
Kuperberg G
|
|
Neurological Inflammatory |
| Neurodegenerative disorders |
Apparent diffusion constant (ADC) Blood oxygen level depletion |
fMRI MRI / diffusion weighted imaging |
Jenkins BG
Kennedy D
Rosas HD
Rosen B
|
|
Neurological |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder |
Cortical activation during provoked conditions |
fMRI
PET
SPECT |
Fischman A
Rauch SL
Rosen BR
|
|
Neurological |
Obsessive compulsive disorder
|
Cortical thickness |
MRI (morphometry) |
Kennedy D |
|
Neurological |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder |
Whole brain morphometry |
MRI (morphometry) |
Kennedy D
Rosen BR |
Findings include sig. less total white-matter and greater cortex and opercular volumes
|
Neurological |
| Pain |
Cortical activity |
fMRI PET SPECT MEG |
Fischman A
Halgren E
Rosen B
Sorensen AG
Stuffelbeam SM
|
|
Neurological Musculoskeletal |
| Parkinson’s disease |
Cerebral blood volume (CBV) Cerebral blood flow (CBF)
|
MRI / Arterial spin labeling |
Hoge R |
|
Neurological |
| Parkinson’s disease |
Directed molecular probes |
PET Optical |
Weissleder R
|
|
Neurological |
| Parkinson’s disease |
Dopamine binding potential Dopamine transporter (DAT) density
|
SPECT (using I-123 altropane) |
Fischman A
Halpern E
Sahani D
|
|
Neurological |
| Parkinson’s disease |
Dopaminergic neurotransmitter activity |
fMRI
PET |
Fishman A
Livni E
Rosen B
|
Pet using 11C-CRT |
Neurological |
| Parkinson’s disease |
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels over time
|
MRS |
Gonzales RG
Jenkins BG
|
|
Neurological |
| Schizophrenia |
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) Neural activation of dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum |
PET |
Alpert N
Fischman A
Heckers S
Rauch SL
Schaefer P
|
Regional activation during cognitive paradigms |
Neurological |
| Schizophrenia |
Cortical thickness |
MRI (morphometry) |
Fischl B
Harris G
Kennedy D
Kuperberg G
|
|
Neurological |
| Schizophrenia |
Specific regional uptake, target selection and functional activation |
fMRI |
Kuperberg G
Manoach D
Stufflebeam SM
Rosen B
|
Regional activation during cognitive paradigms |
Neurological |
| Stroke |
Apparent diffusion constant (ADC) Relative cerebral blood flow index (rCBF)
|
Diffusion weighted imaging fMRI MRI (morphometry) |
Kennedy D
Lo E
Rosen B
|
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Stroke |
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) Cerebral blood volume (CBV) Mean transit time (MTT) Flow heterogeneity (FH)
|
MRI (combined Arterial spin labeling and Dynamic susceptibility contrast) CAPTIVE |
Harris G
Hoge R
Ostergaard L
Rosen B
Sorensen AG
Wald LL
|
MTT helps to stratify patients in clinical trials MR perfusion territory imaging |
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Stroke |
Intravascular thrombus |
CT / CTA MRI / MRA Angiography |
Caviness VS
Gonzalez RG
Schaefer P
Sorensen AG
|
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Stroke |
Neuronal activation CMRO2 |
Arterial spin labeling MRI O2 15 PET Xenon Enhanced CT
|
Wald LL |
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Stroke |
Neuronal activation CMRO2 |
fMRI Diffuse optical topography (Near infrared spectroscopy) |
Boas D
Mandeville JB
Strangman G
|
NIRS agrees well with fMRI, useful in longitudinal studies
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Stroke |
Oxygen consumption Cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
Optical Imaging |
Boas D
Dunn A
Lo E
|
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Stroke / ischemic |
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) Water EF
|
CAPTIVE MRI |
Bogdanov A
Jenkins B
Kwong K
Weissleder R
|
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Stroke / ischemic |
Vascular occlusion Ischemic brain tissue |
Diffusion / perfusion weighted imaging MRI CT perfusion CTA
|
Gonzalez R
Harris G
Sorensen AG
|
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Stroke / recovery |
Cortical activation during sensorimotor tasks |
fMRI |
Schaechter J
Rosen BR
|
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Visual process disorders |
Neuronal activation |
fMRI |
Mandeville JB
Rosen B
Tootell RBH
|
|
Neurological |
| Vulnerable plaque |
Atherosclerotic plaque temperature |
Thermography |
Brady T
Lev M
Waltman A
|
|
Neurological Cardiology/ Vascular Inflammatory |
| Vulnerable plaque |
Macrophage content Fibrous cap thickness Plaque Type |
Optical coherence topography |
Weissleder R |
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular Inflammatory
|
| Vulnerable plaque |
Subendothelial lipid pool |
Optical coherence topography Near infrared spectroscopy
|
Brady T
Muller J |
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular |
| Vulnerable plaque |
Targeted mircobubble contrast agents |
Contrast enhanced US |
O'Neill MJ
Waltman A |
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular Inflammatory
|
| Vulnerable plaque |
Thickness and composition of plaque |
Intravascular US IVUS |
Brady T
Lev M
O'Neill MJ
Waltman A
|
|
Neurological Cardiology / Vascular Inflammatory |
