| Disease/ Medical Condition |
Biomarker |
Imaging Technique |
Investigators |
Comments |
Disease Category |
Adenopathy, lymphoma and metastatic disease |
Lesion volume |
US CT MRI |
Harisinghani M
Mueller PR
O’Neill MJ
Saini S
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary |
| Adrenal neoplasm |
Relative % contrast washout |
CT |
Boland GW
Hahn PF
Mueller PR
|
Differential diagnosis of adrenal masses |
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary |
| Aveolar bronchial cell carcinoma |
Pulmonary consolidation |
CT MRI |
McLoud TC
Shepard J
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Cardiology / Vascular |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy |
Prostate volume |
US CT MRI |
Hahn PF
Mueller PR
O’Neill MJ
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary |
| Breast neoplasm |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Alpert NM
Choi NC
Fischman AJ
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Breast neoplasm |
Microcalcifications |
Raman Spectroscopy |
Feld MS (MIT) |
Differential diagnosis of benign from malignant microcalcifications
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Breast neoplasm |
Microvascular blood volume Microvascular density Angiogenesis
|
US |
O'Neill MJ |
Microbubble contrast agents |
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Breast neoplasm |
Presence of contralateral synchronous cancers |
MRI |
Kopans DB |
4 of 17 patients (24%) had contralateral cancer occult to physical exam, mammography and US
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Breast neoplasm |
Regional blood flow and blood volume Microvessel density (MVD)
|
MRI |
Kopans DB |
Magnetic susceptibility-based contrast agent OR GD-DTPA with dynamic echo planar imaging
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Breast neoplasm |
Tumor associated enzymatic activity |
Optical Near infrared spectroscopy |
Bremer C
Bogdanov A
Weissleder R
|
Expression levels of cathepsin-B activity in animal models of breast cancer
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Breast neoplasm |
Tumor volume |
MRI |
Harris G
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Cholangio-carcinoma |
Liver tissue characterization |
MRI |
Hahn PF
Halpern EF
Sahani D
|
Using combined ferrumoxide / Gd-DPTA
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Lesion volume |
CT MRI morphometry |
Gonzalez R
Harris G
Kennedy D
Lev
Schaefer P Sorensen AG
|
Anatomic marker of disease presence Response to therapy
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Microvascular blood volume and microvascular density
|
fMRI MRI |
Belliveau
Kennedy D
Rosen BR
|
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary |
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) Choline Lactate Phosphocreatine |
MRS |
Gonzalez R
Husiman TA
Sorensen AG
|
Metabolism, tumor viability, Response to therapy
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Tumor angiogenesis |
MRI MRS MRA |
Davis T
Rosen B
Wald LL
Weissleder R
|
Measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION)
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Tumor growth rate |
MRI |
Bogdanov A
Weissleder R
|
Serial studies of tumor volume using uptake of long-circulating dextrin coated iron oxide (LCDIO) Rodent model
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary, presence and viability |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Alpert N
Choi N
Fischman A
Kennedy D
Rosen B
|
Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary, presence and viability
|
Oxygen consumption Cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
Optical |
Boas D
Dunn A
|
Diffuse Optical imagine (DOI) |
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
CNS neoplasm / primary and secondary, presence and viability
|
Targeted cellular and molecular probes |
Optical MRI PET |
Kwong KK Weissleder R |
Exogenous contrast agents Animal models
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
CNS neoplasm / schwannoma and neurofibromatosis
|
Tumor growth rate |
MRI |
Tang Y
Weissleder R
|
Transgenic murine models of neurofibromatosis
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Colorectal carcinoma |
99mTc labeled monoclonal antibody |
SPECT |
Fischman AJ |
Phase III Clinical Trial with HumaSPECT-Tc
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Fibrocystic change |
Cyst composition / tissue characterization
|
US CT MRI |
Kopans DB |
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Blood-tumor barrier permeability (BTP) |
MRI fMRI |
Gonzalez RG
Kwong KK
Sorensen AG
Weissleder R
|
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Cerebral blood volume (CBV) Cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
MRI fMRI |
Gonzalez RG
Sorensen AG
Rosen B
|
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Glucose uptake |
PET |
Fischman A
Kennedy D
Rosen B
|
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Tumor angiogenesis |
MRI MRS MRA |
Davis T
Rosen B
Wald LL
Weissleder R
|
Measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION)
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Tumor margin |
MRI |
Weissleder R |
Via ultra small particulate iron oxide (USPIO)
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Glioma |
Vascular volume fraction |
Optical NMR |
Bogdanov A
Kwong KK
Weissleder R
|
Rodent model |
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Head and neck neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Alpert N Choi N Fischman A |
Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Head and neck neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Lesion volume |
CT MRI |
Gonzalez R
Lev MH
Schaefer P
Schwamm
Sorensen AG
|
Anatomic marker of disease presence
|
Neurological Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia |
Liver tissue characterization |
MRI |
Hahn PF
Halpern EF
Sahani D
|
using combined ferrumoxide / Gd-DPTA
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal Endocrine |
| Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia |
Liver tissue characterization |
MRI |
Hahn PF
Harisinghani M
Mueller PR
Weissleder R
|
Using ultrasmall super-paramagnetic iron oxide, mangafodipir trisodium
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal Endocrine |
| Hepatic hemangioma |
Liver tissue characterization |
MRI |
Hahn PF
Harisinghani M
Mueller PF
Saini S
Weissleder R
|
Using ultrasmall superpara-magnetic iron oxide OR Gd-based chelates
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Hepatic neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Fischman AJ |
Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Hepatic neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Lesion detection |
MRI |
Hahn PF
Harisinghani M
Saini S
Weissleder R
|
Increased SNR and CNR with liver specific contrast agent GD-BOPTA and mangafodipir
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Hepatic neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Lesion volume |
US CT MRI |
Harris G
Mueller PR
O’Neill MJ
Saini S
|
Anatomic marker of disease presence
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Hepatic neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Vascular architecture |
Multidector CT angiography (MDCTA) |
Hahn PF
Mueller PR
Saini S
Sahani D
|
Presurgical treatment planning |
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
Liver tissue characterization |
MRI |
Hahn PF
Harisinghani M
Mueller PR
Weissleder R
|
Using ultrasmall superpara-magnetic iron oxide, mangafodipir trisodium
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Liver tissue characterization |
MRI |
Hahn PF
Halpern EF
Harisinghani M
Sahani D
|
Using combined ferrumoxide / Gd-DPTA |
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Hodgkin's disease |
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) |
MRS |
Jenkins B
Kennedy D
Rosas D
Rosen BR
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Lung neoplasm / non small cell carcinoma |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Choi NC
Fischman AJ
Weissleder R
|
Pilot trial in NSCLC showed good inverse correlation between MR post radiation and outcomes
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Lung neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Lesion volume |
CT MRI |
Hunter GJ |
Anatomic marker of disease presence
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Lung neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Mediastinal nodal status |
PET MRI CT |
Fischman AJ
McLoud TC
Weissleder R
|
Physiologic imaging with FDG or iron oxide particles in NSCLC
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Lymphangio- carcinomatosis |
Increased pulmonary interstitial markings |
CT |
McLoud TC
Mueller PR
Shepard J
Weissleder R
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Lymphatic extension of pelvic malignancy (gynecological oncology) |
Abnormal lymphatic uptake of tracer |
MRI |
Hahn PF
Harisinghani M
Mueller PR
Saini S
Weissleder R
|
MR Lymphangio-graphy using ultrasmall superpara-magnetic iron oxide (ferumoxtran-10)
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Inflammatory |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Anti-tumor antibody |
Optical |
Ntziachristos V
Weissleder R
|
Targeted Fluorochromes
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Apoptosis Caspase-1 Caspase-3 |
Optical |
Ntziachristos V
Weissleder R
|
Active, stable Fluorochromes
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Apoptosis Phosphatidylserine
|
Optical |
Ntziachristos V
Weissleder R
|
Active, stable Fluorochromes
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Cathepsin D |
Optical |
Ntziachristos V
Weissleder R
|
Active, stable Fluorochromes
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Change in local tissue density or contrast enhancement |
CT MRI |
Palmer WE
Rosenthal DI
|
Mutlicenter Trail with 367 patients - CT and MRI equally reliable for diagnosis
|
Musculoskeletal Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Directed molecular probes |
MRI PET Optical |
Fischman AJ
Hunter GJ
Weissleder R
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
Neoplasm / primary and secondary
|
Enzymatic activity |
Optical |
Weissleder R |
Rodent model |
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Fluorescent proteins / exogenous |
Macroscopic fluorescence reflective imagine (FRI) Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT)
|
Ntziachristos V
Weissleder R
|
Green fluorescence proteins (GFPs) Ds Red Hc Red |
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Folate receptor |
Optical |
Ntziachristos V
Weissleder R
|
Targeted Fluorochromes |
Oncology / Neoplasm |
Neoplasm / primary and secondary
|
Glucose transporter |
Optical |
Ntziachristos V
Weissleder R
|
Targeted Fluorochromes |
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Human transferrin receptor |
MRI |
Weissleder R |
Receptor binding probe linking transferrin and monocrystalline iron oxide (Tf-MION)
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Local uptake of specific tumor avid radiotracers
|
Nuclear medicine |
Fischman AJ |
|
Musculoskeletal Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 MMP-9 MMP-13 |
Optical |
Ntziachristos V
Weissleder R
|
Active, stable Fluorochromes
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Pharmacokinetics Biodistribution Non-tumor uptake |
SPECT PET MRS |
Fischman AJ
Jenkins B
|
Additional use for determining in vivo heterogeneity of tumor uptake
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Soft tissue inflammation |
Nuclear medicine MRI |
Fischman AJ
Palmer WE
Rosenthal DI
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Somatostatin receptor |
Optical |
Ntziachristos V
Weissleder R
|
Targeted Fluorochromes |
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Tumor angiogenesis |
MRI Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) / monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION)
|
Bogdanov A
Bremer C
Rosen BR
Weissleder R
|
High resolution MR using long circulating iron oxide contrast agents Rodent model
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Tumor angiogenesis Macromolecular contrast extravasate
|
MRI SPECT |
Bogdanov A
Weissleder R
|
Animal model using pegylated DOTA derivatized graft copolymers
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Tumor growth rate |
MRI SPECT Dual tracer NMR |
Bogdanov A
Kwong K
Weissleder R
|
SPECT via uptake of long-circulating dextrin coated iron oxide (LCDIO) Rodent model
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Tumor mass |
Optical |
Weissleder R |
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Tumoral proteinase |
Optical Near infrared spectroscopy |
Bogdanov A
Mahmood U
Weissleder R
|
Rodent model |
Oncology / Neoplasm |
Osseous neoplasm / primary and secondary
|
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Fischman AJ |
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
Osseous neoplasm / primary and secondary
|
Osteoblastic activity |
Nuclear medicine |
Fischman AJ |
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
Osseous neoplasm / primary and secondary
|
Tissue characterization |
CT MRI |
Rosenthal DI |
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Ovarian neoplasm / presence and viability |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Fischman AJ |
Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary |
| Ovarian neoplasm / presence and viability |
ROC curve analysis of 13 CT radiographic parameters
|
CT |
O'Neill MJ |
Predictive model of relative success of surgical cytoreduction
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary |
| Pancreatic adrenal carcinoma |
Degree of circumferential vessel involvement |
Multidector CT / CTA |
Boland GW
Mueller PR
Saini S
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Pancreatic carcinoma |
18 F-fluorodeoxy-glucose |
PET |
Fischman AJ |
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal
|
| Pancreatic carcinoma |
Vascular involvement Portal Venous invasion |
MRA |
Halpern EF
Saini S
Waltman AC
|
Better predictor than conventional angiography
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Pancreatic mass |
Contrast enhanced tissue characterization |
MR cholangio-pancreatography |
Prasad S
Sahani D
Saini S
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Prostate cancer |
Prostate volume |
US CT MRI |
Hahn PF
Mueller PR
O'Neill MJ
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary |
| Prostate cancer |
Prostate-specific antigens (PSA) |
Optical |
Ntziachristos V
Weissleder R
|
Active, stable Fluorochromes |
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Prostate cancer |
Spermine levels |
MRS magic angle spinning |
Cheng LL
Gonzalez RG
|
Proposed endogenous inhibitor of prostate CA growth
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary |
| Pulmonary neoplasm |
Permeability surface area product |
PET MRI |
Fischman AJ
McLoud TC
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Pulmonary neoplasm / presence and viability |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Fischman AJ |
Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Rectal carcinoma / advanced Staging |
Infiltration of tunica muscularis Presence of positive nodes
|
MRI Multidector CT US |
Hahn P
Saini S
O'Neill MJ
Mueller P
|
|
Gastrointestinal Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Rectal carcinoma / Recurrent |
Perirectal fat involvement Spiculated lymph node |
MRI |
Hahn P
Prasad S
Saini S
|
Predictor of high probability of local recurrence
|
Gastrointestinal Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Renal neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Cyst composition / tissue characterization |
US CT MRI |
Mueller PR |
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary
|
| Renal neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Fischman AJ |
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary
|
| Renal neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Lesion volume |
US CT MRI |
Mueller PR
O’Neill MJ
Saini S
|
Anatomic marker of disease presence
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary |
| Sarcoma |
Vascular volume fraction
|
Optical |
Weissleder R
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm |
| Simple renal cysts |
Cyst composition / tissue characterization Soft tissue inflammation |
US CT MRI |
Mueller PR |
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Genitourinary |
| Soft tissue neoplasm / primary and secondary |
Glucose metabolism |
PET |
Fischman AJ |
Non-specific marker with wide variety of applications
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Musculoskeletal |
| Splenic cysts |
Splenic tissue characterization |
MRI |
Hahn PF
Harisinghani M
Mueller PR
Weissleder R
|
Using ultrasmall superpara-magnetic iron oxide
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Splenic neoplasm |
Splenic tissue characterization |
MRI |
Hahn PF
Harisinghani M
Mueller PR
Weissleder R
|
Using ultrasmall superpara-magnetic iron oxide
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Gastrointestinal |
| Synovial cell sarcoma |
Cyst composition / tissue characterization
|
US CT MRI |
Rosenthal DI |
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Musculoskeletal |
| Synovial chondromatosis |
Periarticular erosion |
Plain radiographs |
Palmer WE
Rosenthal DI
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Musculoskeletal
|
| Thyroid carcinoma |
Cystic nodal metastases |
US |
Hahn PF
Harisinghani M
Mueller PR
O'Neill MJ
|
|
Oncology / Neoplasm Endocrine |
